1、 Vehicle structure materials

1. Frame and door frame

Material: Q235-A carbon steel (mainstream), with some high-end models using alloy steel or high-strength steel plates.

characteristic:

Q235-A has good weldability and formability, suitable for welding complex structures.

High strength steel (such as Q345) can reduce weight while improving load-bearing capacity.

Standard: Complies with GB/T 700-2006 "Carbon Structural Steel" standard.

2. Forks

Material: High strength alloy steel (such as 42CrMo), surface galvanized or sprayed with rust prevention treatment.

characteristic:

High bending strength (≥ 600MPa), suitable for heavy-duty operations.

The thickness of the galvanized layer is ≥ 8 μ m, and the anti-corrosion performance is excellent.

3. Balance weight

Material: Cast iron or reinforced concrete.

characteristic:

Cast iron has a high density (about 7.2g/cm ³) and provides stable weight distribution.

Concrete counterweight has low cost and is suitable for scenarios where weight requirements are not high.

2、 Power system materials

1. Battery system

(1) Lead acid battery

Positive electrode plate: coated with lead dioxide (PbO ₂).

Negative plate: Sponge like lead (Pb).

Electrolyte: dilute sulfuric acid (concentration 28-32%).

Shell: High density polyethylene (HDPE) or ABS plastic.

(2) Lithium battery

Positive electrode material:

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄): High safety and long cycle life (≥ 2000 times).

Three element material (NMC): high energy density (150-200Wh/kg), suitable for high endurance requirements.

Negative electrode material: Graphite (layered structure, providing space for lithium ion insertion).

Electrolyte: a mixture of organic solvents (EC/DEC) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ₆).

Shell: Aluminum alloy or nickel plated steel plate, explosion-proof design.

2. Drive motor

Stator/rotor: made of silicon steel sheets (such as DW310-35) with a thickness of 0.35mm to reduce iron loss.

Coil winding: high-purity oxygen free copper wire (purity ≥ 99.95%), conductivity ≥ 100% IACS.

Permanent magnet (synchronous motor): neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), high magnetic energy product (35-50MGOe).

3、 Hydraulic system materials

1. Hydraulic oil pipe

Material: Cold drawn seamless steel tube (GB/T 3639), pressure resistance ≥ 35MPa.

characteristic:

The inner wall smoothness Ra ≤ 0.8 μ m reduces hydraulic resistance.

Apply an external epoxy resin anti-corrosion layer.

2. Hydraulic cylinder and pump body

Cylinder body: cast iron (HT250) or aluminum alloy (6061-T6).

Sealing element: Nitrile rubber (NBR) or polyurethane (PU), oil temperature resistance -30 ℃~120 ℃.

3. Hydraulic oil

Type: ISO VG46 hydraulic oil, viscosity index ≥ 95.

Additives: Anti wear agent (ZDDP), antioxidant (phenolic).

4、 Control system materials

1. Circuit board (PCB)

Substrate: FR-4 epoxy glass cloth (flame retardant grade UL94 V-0).

Components:

IGBT module: silicon-based semiconductor, withstand voltage ≥ 1200V.

Capacitor: Metallized film capacitor (withstand voltage ≥ 450V).

2. Connectors and cables

Connector: PA66 nylon shell, gold-plated contacts (contact resistance ≤ 5m Ω).

Cable: XLPE insulated cable, oil resistant and high temperature resistant (105 ℃).

5、 Other key materials

1. Tires

Solid tires: rubber+fiber reinforced layer (such as polyester cord).

Inflatable tire: inner ply (nylon or steel wire), outer rubber tread.

2. Shell and Cover

Material: Cold rolled steel plate (SPCC) or fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP).

Features: SPCC thickness 1.2-2.0mm, FRP impact strength ≥ 100J/m.

6、 Material selection trend

Lightweight: Aluminum alloy frames and composite forks are gradually replacing traditional steel.

High energy density batteries: Solid state batteries and lithium sulfur batteries are accelerating research and development, and are expected to be commercially available by 2030.

Environmentally friendly materials: water-based coatings replace solvent based coatings to reduce VOC emissions.

The main equipment produced by Hebei Makita: stage electric hoist, electric chian hoist, wire rope electric hoist，Hand chain hoist, lever hoist, pneumatic hoist and other lifting equipment